气缸是引导活塞在缸内进行直线往复运动的圆筒形金属机件。工质在发动机气缸中通过膨胀将热能转化为机械能;气体在压缩机气缸中接受活塞压缩而提高压力。涡轮机、旋转活塞式发动机等的壳体通常也称“气缸”。气缸的应用领域:印刷(张力控制)、半导体(点焊机、芯片研磨)、自动化控制、机器人等等。
气压传动中将压缩气体的压力能转换为机械能的气动执行元件。气缸有做往复直线运动的和做往复摆动的两类。做往复直线运动的气缸又可分为单作用、双作用、膜片式和冲击气缸4种。
①单作用气缸:仅一端有活塞杆,从活塞一侧供气聚能产生气压,气压推动活塞产生推力伸出,靠弹簧或自重返回。
②双作用气缸:从活塞两侧交替供气,在一个或两个方向输出力。
③膜片式气缸:用膜片代替活塞,只在一个方向输出力,用弹簧复位。它的密封性能好,但行程短。
④冲击气缸:这是一种新型元件。它把压缩气体的压力能转换为活塞高速(10~20米/秒)运动的动能,借以做功。
⑤无杆气缸:没有活塞杆的气缸的总称。有磁性气缸,缆索气缸两大类。
做往复摆动的气缸称摆动气缸,由叶片将内腔分隔为二,向两腔交替供气,输出轴做摆动运动,摆动角小于 280°。此外,还有回转气缸、气液阻尼缸和步进气缸等。
由于气动技术越来越多地应用于各行业的自动装配和自动加工小件、特殊物品的设备上,原有传统的气动元件性能正在不断提高,同时陆续开发出适应市场要求的新产品,使气动元件的品种日益增加,其发展趋势主要有以下几个方面:
体积更小,重量更轻,功耗更低.在电子元件、药品等制造行业中,由于被加工件体积很小,势必限制了气动元件的尺寸,小型化、轻型化是气动元件的第一个发展方向。国外已开发了仅大拇指大小、有效截面积为0.2mm2的超小型电磁阀。能开发出外形尺寸小而流量较大的元件更为理想。为此,相同外形尺寸的阀,流量已提高2~3.3倍。有一种系列的小型电磁阀,其阀体宽仅10mm,有效面积可达5mm2;宽15mm,有效面积达10mm2等。
气源处理组合件,国内外大多采用了积木式的砌块结构,不仅尺寸紧凑,而且结合、维修都很方便。
执行元件的定位精度提高,刚度增加,活塞杆不回转,使用更方便.为了提高气缸的定位精度,附带制动机构和伺服系统的气缸应用越来越普遍。带伺服系统的气缸,即使供气压力和所负的载荷变化,仍可获得±0.1mm的定位精度。
在国际展览会上,各种异型截面缸筒和活塞杆的气缸甚多,这类气缸由于活塞杆不会回转,应用在主机上时,无须附加导向装置即可保持一定精度。此外还开发了不少带各种导向机构的气缸和气缸滑动组件,例如具有两根导向杆的气缸、双活塞杆双缸筒气缸等。
气缸筒外形已不限于圆形、而是方形、米字形或其它形状,在型材上开了导向槽、传感器和开关的安装槽等,让用户安装使用更方便。
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